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In blockchain technology, Asynchronous refers to the characteristic where nodes in a network can receive messages and execute operations at different times without waiting for other operations to complete. In asynchronous systems, time delays are unbounded and message delivery has no definite time guarantees, contrasting with synchronous systems that require operations to execute in fixed order or simultaneously.

An Automated Market Maker (AMM) is an algorithmic trading mechanism based on smart contracts that replaces traditional order books with mathematical formulas (typically constant product formulas like x*y=k) to create liquidity pools backed by token reserves, allowing traders to transact directly with a contract rather than counterparties. This mechanism enables decentralized exchanges (DEXs) to offer permissionless, 24/7 token swapping services without requiring a central authority to match trades.